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3、The dark smoke that comes out of stacks (大烟囱) or from a burning dump (垃圾) contains tiny bits of solid or liquid matter. The smoke also contains many gases, most of which cannot be seen. Altogether, they make up the serious problems of air pollution. In so many places it keeps us from seeing the sun, irritate (刺痛) our eyes, causes us to cough and makes us ill.
Air pollution can spread from city to city. It even spreads from one country to another. Some northern European countries have had "black snow" from pollutants that have traveled through the air from other countries and have fallen with the snow. So air pollution is a global problem. It can kill babies, older people and those who have respiratory (呼吸) disease. In 1952, four thousands people die in one week as a result of a serious air pollution breakout in London. In 1948 in a small town of Pennsylvania, 20 people died in a four - day period of air pollution. As often found in cities, air pollution increases the risks of lung disease, such as bronchitis and asthma. Of course, smoking and other factors help to cause these illnesses, too, but these causes have increased greatly during recent years as air pollution has become worse.
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7、Careful and careless are different as fire and water. But it is strange that quite a few scientists have both these qualities. They are both careful and careless. Newton(牛顿), the famous English scientist, was such a person.
Once Newton invited a friend to dinner at home. When they were ready to eat, Newton left to get a bottle of wine. But after his friend had waited for a long time, Newton still didn't come back. At last his friend found Newton in his lab. When Newton was going to get the bottle of wine, he suddenly had a new idea for his experiment. So he quite forgot his friend and the dinner. Another time, Newton was leading a horse up a mountain, and held the rein(缰绳)in his hand. While he was walking, he kept thinking about problems. When he got to the top of the mountain, he found that the rein was not in his hand and that the horse was gone.
Einstein(爱因斯坦)was another example. Once he was waiting for a friend at a bridge. While waiting, he became lost in thought. It started to rain. The rain kept on for some time. When he took out a piece of paper to write something down, the paper was wet and then he knew that it was raining. But after he put the paper into his pocket, he forgot he was standing in the rain again.
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8、Long ago, there was a rich man. He had a very big house with a lot of treasures. He had many servants to look after it for a few days. One day, two silver saucers were stolen from the cupboard. After a few days, another two saucers were stolen again. The rich man was very angry. He thought, "Someone must have stolen them. I must catch the thief, or another two saucers would be stolen in a few days."
Then he had an idea. He called in all his servants and said, "Some of my silver saucers have disappeared. Someone among you must have taken them. Who has taken them?"
The servants looked at one another and kept quiet. The rich man said," I shall catch the thief myself. I am giving each of you a stick. Look, all the sticks are of the same length. Keep the sticks. Bring them back tomorrow. The thief's stick will grow two centimeters longer."
That evening, Salleh, one of the servants, went home sadly. His wife asked him, "Why are you so sad this evening?"
"This stick will grow two centimeters longer tomorrow because I have taken the silver saucers," he said.
"Oh, don't worry. Cut off two centimeters from the stick," his wife said. "In other words, your stick will be of the same length as any of the other sticks."
When Salleh heard this, he was very happy. At once, he cut off two centimeters from the stick with a knife.
The next day, each of the servants brought back his stick. The rich man then measured each of the sticks. He found Salleh's stick shorter by two centimeters, Salleh was the thief. He was caught and put into prison. The rich man got back the stolen saucers.
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9、In the eighteenth century young ladies in Italy knew history and geography little.
Once the French officer in Rome was giving a ball to which many important people were invited. The Italian Minister(大臣) came very late. A young lady, who knew him, saw him enter the ball-room and asked why he was so late.
"Oh, nothing important," answered the Minister. " Our head forgot to take his letters with him and went back to his hotel to bring them. If he had left them in Brazil we should have had to wait at least six months for them."
"Is Brazil so far from Rome?" asked the lady, who knew very little geography.
"It is in the New World," said the Minister.
"In the New World?" repeated the lady in great surprise.
"Yes, in the New World, which was discovered by Christopher Columbus."
When the young lady heard this, she rushed into the middle of the ball-room and shouted as loud as she could:
"Ladies and gentlemen, have you heard the latest news? A new world has just been discovered by a certain Christopher Columbus."
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10、There are three kinds of goals: short-term, medium-range and long-term goals.
Short-term goals are those that usually deal with current activities, which we can apply on a daily basis. Such goals can be achieved in a week or less, or two weeks, or possibly, months. It should be remembered that just as a building is no stronger than its foundation, long-term goals cannot amount to very munch without the achievement of solid short-term goals. Upon completing our short-term goals, we should date the occasion and then add new short-term goals that will build on those that have been completed.
The intermediate goals build on the foundation of the short-term goals. They might deal with just one term of school or the entire school year, or they could even extend for several years. Any time you move a step at a time, you should never allow yourself to become discouraged or overwhelmed. As you complete each step, you will enforce the belief in your ability to grow and succeed. And as your list of completion dates grow, your motivation and desire will increase.
Long-term goals may be related to our dreams of the future. They might cover five years or more. Life is not a static thing. We should never allow a long-term goal to limit us or our course of action.
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