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 河南成教 / 马克思主义基本原理

[论述题]

南北文化的差异北方的“大气”,不仅是大在历史,大在建筑,大在交通,大在风俗,而且还大在目标、大在架子、大在口气。北方的市民都是“大市民”。派头大,口气大,脾气大。干大事,说大话,讲大道理,聊天就要“侃大山”,喝茶就要喝“大碗茶”。他们对小打小闹不感兴趣,对小模小样看不上眼,向往和欣赏的是“大官”、“大款”和“大腕”。文质彬彬的南方人,却在崇尚和寻求着“精细”。吟诗作画“精细”,说话办事“精细”,经营管理“精细”。正是这种“精细”,使他们经常能够获得比北方人更显著的利益。因为在“精”和“细”中,包含着很多创造财富和追求卓越的秘密。因为“精”,所以就能找到解决问题的最佳方案。为什么北方的文明(即黄河流域的文化)与南方(即长江流域的文化)的文明有这样的差异?考古挖掘表明,黄河流域的文化以龙山文化为代表。中原龙山文化地势平坦,交通方便,有利于文化的交流和物质的交换。在原始社会发展的过程中,容易发展出统一的社会意识和宗教意识,从而有利于超出部落组织的更大的政治实体的出现。黄河中下游作为中华文化的核心地带,它的北边是比较难以逾越的蒙古戈壁,西北是万里黄沙,形成交通障壁,西南是世界上最大最险峻的青藏高原,东边面临世界上最大的海洋,太平洋,它的浩瀚无际跟地中海的情形不一样,对古人来说也是难以征服的。地理环境对以黄河流域为中心的黄河文化形成了一种隔绝机制,造成了一种内向的求稳的文化类型。众所周知,黄河文化首当其冲游牧民族的冲击。游牧民族肯定渴望中原地区肥沃的土壤,良好的生存条件。即使不渴望土壤,也需要中原地区的农产品,那么,他们肯定也不是总愿意和能够直接进行交换。他们或者想一劳永逸的解决这个问题,渴望一块土地,或者经常抢劫中原文明的生活资料。早在黄帝时代,就有北逐荤粥的记载,以后这类史实,可以说是史不绝书。中原龙山文化普遍发现的城堡,可能就是处于防御的需要。在仰韶文化中,经过了全面发掘的姜寨村落,整体呈椭圆形,东西长210米,南北宽约160米,面积33600平米。中心部落为5000平方米的广场。两侧边缘有南北对应的两个牲畜夜宿场。广场周围是门皆面向中心的房屋群,它的外环以既可以排水又可以作为防御工事的围沟。沟东自东北到西南分置三片墓地,在沟西位于临河东岸是烧陶器的窑场。平原与高原的对峙,在欧洲是不存在的。处于迁徙无定的高原游牧民族,始终把平原大河流域作为他们的一个争夺目标,经常象洪水一样从高原上横冲下来。整个中国古代史,几乎就是一部游牧人同农耕人争夺生存空间的历史。请结合材料回答:1、决定社会发展的因素是什么?为什么? 

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  • 2[翻译题] The Birth of Rock     In some ways, the origin of rock and roll can be traced to a rivalry between two economic organizations in the music industry: ASCAP and BMI. The American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers (ASCAP) were formed in 1914 to guarantee that its members received a fee for the playing of their songs. ASCAP'right to collect this fee from the radio stations stood one court test after another.ASCAP charged each radio station a blanket amount to use its material. In 1941 it announced a 100 percent fee increase. Radio stations refused to go along, and as a result all songs protected by ASCAP were taken off the air. This included the work of many of the popular songwriters of the time and left radio stations with little music. The dispute was settled, at least temporarily, towards the end of 1941, but by that time radio stations had begun to rely on music provided by a new guild of composers.    Broadcast Music, Incorporated (BMI), was formed to scout for fresh talent who could provide radio stations with music. This became increasingly important as more stations switched to the deejay format.BMI were looking for a new sound. The sound they found was rock and roll. By the mid1950's BMI was a powerful force and so was the new sound.   In 1956 the Anti-Trust Committee of the House Judiciary Committee investigated BMI's domination of the recording industry. Songwriter Billy Rose, an ASCAP member, outlined BMI's role in the rise of rock and roll.   Not only are more of the BMI song junk, but in some cases they are obscene junk pretty much on the level with dirty comic magazines… It is the current climate on radio and TV which makes Elvis Presley and his animal posturing possible…    When ASCAP's songwriters were permitted to be heard,Al Joslon,Nora Bays, and Eddie Cantor were all big salesmen of songs. Today it is a set of untalented twitchers and twisters whose appeal is largely to the zootsuiter and the juvenile delinquent.    But of course there was much more to it than that. Rock and roll had come at a time when young people were finding it difficult to relate to the likes or Doris Day and Patti Page. There had been too many “adult”bands and too many tired crooners. Youth now wanted a sound of its own something new, different, and vital.   Rock was actually a blend of country music and rhythm and blues(R&B) that was popular among black people during the early 1950's.But record producers suspected that national white audiences would never idolize a black popular singer, no matter how much they liked the R&B beat. Sam Phillips, a lawyer and former disco jockey who formed Sun Records in the early 1950s,was a tireless researcher. He drove all over the South looking for new talent and promoting his records.“What I need,”he said, unabashedly,“is a white boy who can sing colored.” In 1954 he found him. Elvis Presley recorded “That's Alright Mama”,and the song enjoyed moderate success on the country music charts. Within two years Presley became the Sinatra of the 1950s, and by the end of the decade, the older generation was explaining to the young that Sinatra had been the Elvis Presley of the 1940's.     The father of rock and roll was Cleveland Deejay Alan Freed, who had started mixing R&B songs with Al Martino and Frank Sinatra records as early as 1951 on W/W. It was he who coined the term rock and roll to make R&B palatable to his white audience. In 1954 Freed moved to WINS in New York, where his Moodog's Rock and Roll Party was an instant success. WINS was soon the number one station in New York. Freed helped introduce Bill Haley's “Rock around the Clock”,the first rock and roll single to reach the top of the charts.     The Blackboard Jungle, a film about juvenile delinquency, featured “Rock around the Clock”as part of the soundtrack. The pulsating, uninhibited new sound was linked with restless, rebellious youth. Young people flocked to the screen to see that film and others in a similar vein. Radio, movies, and print media all contributed to the rise of rock and roll as the king of popular music.     “Rock around the Clock”was the bestselling song of 1955.In 1956 Elvis Presley had five of the year's 16 best sellers, including the number one and number two records,“Don't Be Cruel” and “Heartbreak Hotel”.I was one of the millions of kids who stood in front of the mirror with a plastic guitar and tried my best to imitate his wild pelvic movements.     Dick Clark's American Bandstand sent the latest songs out to millions of America's teenagers. Many artists like Frankie Avlon, Fabian, Paul Anka, Bobby Dorin, and Bobby Rydell used the dance show as a stepping stone in their careers. Every one of them was a teenage idol in the mold of Sinatra and Presley; all made millions of dollars and were worshiped everywhere they went. But none surpassed Presley; he remained  “the King”.Though he died in 1977, his music and the impact it had on American youth will be felt for decades to come.     Another change that happened during the 1950's was the disappearance of the 78——rpm discs that had taken over from Edison's cylinders. The 78s were too large and too breakable, so they were replaced by the smaller, more durable 45—rpm records. Teenagers could pick up  a couple of dozen of these and take them to a “sock hop”.This helped records and the music to become an important part of the youth culture.     Despite the anguished pleas of the older generation and of songwriters like Billy Rose, rock and roll was here to stay.  Translation: Rock was actually a blend of country music and rhythm and blues (R & B) that was popular among black people during the early 1950's. 专升本英语2
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