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Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle viewed laughter as “a bodily exercise precious to health.” But ­­­ _ _ 1 _ _ _ some claims to the contrary, laughing probably has little influence on physical fitness Laughter does _ _ 2 _ _ _ short-term changes in the function of the heart and its blood vessels, _ _ _ 3 _ heart rate and oxygen consumption But because hard laughter is difficult to _ _ 4 _ _ , a good laugh is unlikely to have _ _ 5 _ _ _ benefits the way, say, walking or jogging does.

_ _ 6 _ _ , instead of straining muscles to build them, as exercise does, laughter apparently accomplishes the _ _ 7 _ _ , studies dating back to the 1930’s indicate that laughter _ _ 8 _ _ _ muscles, decreasing muscle tone for up to 45 minutes after the laugh dies down.

Such bodily reaction might conceivably help _ 9 _ _ the effects of psychological stress. Anyway, the act of laughing probably does produce other types of _ _ _ 10 _ _ _ feedback, that improve an individual’s emotional state. _ _ 11 _ _ _ _ one classical theory of emotion, our feelings are partially rooted _ _ _ _ 12 _ _ _ physical reactions. It was argued at the end of the 19^th century that humans do not cry _ _ _ 13 _ _ _ they are sad but they become sad when the tears begin to flow.

Although sadness also _ _ _ _ 14 _ _ _ tears, evidence suggests that emotions can flow _ _ 15 _ _ _ muscular responses. In an experiment published in 1988,social psychologist Fritz Strack of the University of würzburg in Germany asked volunteers to pick  a pen either with their teeth-thereby creating an artificial smile – or with their lips, which would produce a(n) disappointed expression. Those forced to exercise their smiling muscles reacted more exuberantly to funny cartons than did those whose mouths were contracted in a frown, mentioning that expressions may influence emotions rather than just the other way around Similarly , the physical act of laughter could improve mood.

1．[A]among       [B]except        [C]despite       [D]like

2．[A]reflect       [B]demand       [C]indicate       [D]produce

3．[A]stabilizing    [B]boosting       [C]impairing     [D]determining

4．[A]transmit      [B]sustain        [C]evaluate      [D]observe

5．[A]measurable   [B]manageable    [C]affordable     [D]renewable

6．[A]In turn       [B]In fact        [C]In addition     [D]In brief

7．[A]opposite     [B]impossible     [C]average       [D]expected

8．[A]hardens      [B]weakens       [C]tightens      [D]relaxes

9．[A]aggravate     [B]generate       [C]moderate     [D]enhance

10．[A]physical     [B]mental        [C]subconscious  [D]internal

11．[A]Except for   [B]According to   [C]Due to        [D]As for

12．[A]with        [B]on           [C]in           [D]at

13．[A]unless      [B]until          [C]if           [D]because

14．[A]exhausts    [B]follows        [C]precedes     [D]suppresses

15．[A]into        [B]from          [C]towards      [D]beyond